This is only a subset of what we are doing, head on over to the Research Group page to see what the students are up to.
Tracing sources and processes affecting the atmospheric budget of aerosols
The origin of particles within the atmosphere has long been subject to debate. The problem is even more critical in urban areas, due to their potential harmful impact on public health. Recently, isotope tools have proved their great added value for unambiguously deciphering the origin of particles (both PM2.5 and PM10), which could lead to a better design of management plans reducing aerosol levels in the atmosphere. A review of several isotope systems shows that they may certainly help to distinguish between natural versus anthropogenic, or mineral versus organic origins of these particles.
Natural or anthropogenic, mineral or organic? These are some of the main questions to be solved regarding aerosols in urban atmospheres. Their presence and the health impacts have been well documented for a long time as there is evidence that particulate matter in the air (among which PM10, representing the particles with an aerodynamical diameter smaller than 10 µm) has a direct influence on mortality levels and numbers of hospital admissions with respiratory diseases. Aerosols vary in size up to ten microns in diameter and exhibit a wide range of chemical compositions. The origin of the particles may be either i) primary (direct emission into the atmosphere through processes of combustion or natural alteration) or ii) secondary (post-emission formation in the atmosphere, e.g. nitrate in aerosols which results mainly from the degradation and conversion of gaseous nitrous oxides).
The air in many big cities contains high concentrations of fine particles. The concentration of PM10 particles can be as high as 300 µg.m-3. Fine atmospheric particles have a damaging effect on public health and have recently become a cause of major concern (e.g., the ERPURS project for Paris; Dab, 1998). So far, little stable-isotope work has been conducted on atmospheric particles in urban environments and even fewer studies have used nitrogen isotopes, although preliminary results showed they could be a potential tracer of their origin(Widory & Fiani, 2008).
The particles having aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 10 µm often display a bimodal distribution with fine particles (diameters <2.5 µm) and coarse particles (diameters in the range 2.5-10 µm). These two size fractions generally have different sources (e.g. origins), properties (chemical and physical), spatial distributions and deposition processes. PM2.5 results primarily from combustion processes and gas-to-particle conversions, while particles in the coarse size fraction (PM10) may be linked to mechanical processes (e.g. wind-blown dust). The sources of particles can be subdivided into three groups: (a) sea salt aerosols, (b) terrestrial aerosols (soil dust, biological emissions), and (c) anthropogenic sources (industry, agriculture, burning of vegetation and fossil fuels, fertilizers). Therefore particles typically consist of a mixture of inorganic and organic chemicals, including carbon, sulfates, nitrates, metals, acids, and semi-volatile compounds. Terrestrial aerosols may originate from soil erosion close to the collector (local source), from distant areas within the continent (external source) or even from other continents (exogenic source). Likewise, aerosols derived from anthropogenic sources may originate in the vicinity of the collector (local source) or at large distances (distant source). Thus the relative abundance of particles is a function of the importance of the production processes and the distance from sources and coarser material should have a shorter lifetime. PM10 may remain airborne from periods of time ranging from a few hours to several weeks.
Our group, so far, focused on the following isotope systematics: C, N, S, Sr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg.
Bio-tracking sources of air pollution using a multi-isotope approach
Anticipating the future health of the global environment has now become a necessity. Due to its incidence on Human health, air pollution is a major source of concern, and is now a critical societal issue for most countries. The need to evaluate, monitor and understand the parameters controlling the quality of our atmosphere is quickly arising. Today, the management strategies for air quality are almost exclusively based on monitoring pollutants concentration levels in a selection of sites and samples through time. However, there are now ample evidences that this concentration approach does not allow to establish unambiguously the different pollutant sources and their respective contributions to the degradation of air quality. It is also observed that increasing the density of data points by increasing the number of environmental monitoring stations and/or the number of samples does not help much and generates extremely high additional costs. As a direct consequence of this it is often difficult to design and verify the effect of environmental management measures and plans implemented to control air pollution in a given area. The results of recent research show that the limitations of the concentration monitoring approach could be overcome by using an isotope approach. Although the application of a (multi)-isotope tracing approach to air pollution issues is fairly recent, it has already proven to be very effective at precisely discriminating the different vectors of pollution in different atmospheric settings (i.e. urban, agricultural or natural sources), identifying these sources and quantifying their respective contributions to a contaminated atmosphere.
The monitoring of air quality is traditionally conducted through direct measurements of physical parameters and chemical assays. The latter often face analytical challenges due to the typically low concentrations of pollutants in environmentally relevant conditions. Bioindicators are used to assess the cumulative impacts of chemical pollutants over time, and consequently represent an alternative fundamentally different from classic assessments of environmental quality, that offer numerous advantages.
Diffuse pollution
Glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the main active molecule of the most used worldwide herbicide for weed and vegetation control. Its importance recently exploded after the introduction of transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in 1996. In Québec only, over 1 million hectares of croplands are sprayed with glyphosate annually, while in Brazil, glyphosate consumption more than doubled over the past 10 years. Although glyphosate has been characterized as slightly mobile and rapidly biodegradable, a fraction of glyphosate and its by-products, especially the aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), invariably and ubiquitously ends up in waterways draining agricultural fields. Consequently, glyphosate and AMPA are often detected in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluent and in streams. Glyphosate exerts low acute toxicity to animals because its biochemical mode of action affects the shikimic acid pathway, which is essential to plant metabolism but does not exist in animals. However, various studies in the last decade have shown possible toxicological effects linked to its use. Because of these concerns, glyphosate, as well as AMPA were included in the Annex III of the European Union 2008/105/EC Directive as a “…substance subject to review for possible identification as priority substance or priority hazard substance”. On the other hand, the origin of AMPA is still actually under debate, as it can result from the degradation of molecules other than glyphosate. Phosphoric acids in detergents, ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP) or the diethylenetriamine-penta-methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP) can also be degraded into AMPA. It is therefore essential to incorporate efficient control of glyphosate (and AMPA) into the existing organic pollutant monitoring schemes of water supplies, especially when considering the universal and fast growing use of this compound around the world.
Today, the management of surface/groundwater quality with respect to diffuse contamination is almost exclusively based on monitoring micropollutant concentration levels in a selection of sites and samples through time. However, there is now ample evidence that this concentration approach does not allow to establish unambiguously the different sources and their respective contributions to water pollution. It was also observed that increasing the density of data points by increasing the number of environmental monitoring stations and/or the number of samples (i.e. reducing periodicity between samples) does not help much and generates extremely high additional costs. Consequently, it is often difficult to design and verify the effect of environmental management measures and plans implemented to control micropollutant contamination in a given area. Recent research works showed that the limitations of this concentration monitoring approach can be overcome, using an innovative isotope approach.
Metals in the Loire River (France)
Interpreting fluxes of dissolved elements, especially trace metals, transported by rivers requires a precise knowledge of their numerous potential sources, both natural or anthropogenic. Identifying and quantifying the impact of these sources at various scales helps understanding fluviatil systems and, in fine, helps improving watershed management.
In collaboration with Tours University and the AELB Water Agency, we aim at coupling elemental concentrations and isotope compositions/ratios of dissolved metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn) to characterise the geochemical background of the Loire River.
Human Provenancing
The isotope ratios of strontium (Sr) and lead (Pb) in water derive from local geology and their isotopic signature can be linked to the age and type of underlying bedrocks and soils (if applicable). Both elements are transferred to human blood through diet and water, and some of it will ultimately be incorporated into the hair structure, making Sr and Pb isotopes interesting tools for tracing human mobility. We analysed both the elemental concentration and isotope ratios of Sr and Pb from individuals of different ages to monitor their permanent relocation from France to Canada during the summer 2012. For comparison, we also characterised bulk hair samples of sedentary individuals and local tap waters from their regions of origin and of settlement. Our results indicate that the 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are significantly modified by the change of environment, but also demonstrate that human hair values are impacted by other external factors (such as dust). Sr and Pb isotope systematics demonstrate their added value for detecting human mobility, but require further studies to better constrain the main sources and processes controlling their respective budgets in human hair for provenancing purposes.
Characterising wine terroir
With improved refining techniques and ever-growing popularity among hobbyists, wine has become the target of multiple frauds worldwide. In collaboration with the AVQ (Association des Vignerons du Québec) and within the frame of potential implementation of a controlled designation of origin for the Quebec terroir, this project aims at accurately characterizing the origin of local wines from Quebec. The methodology proposed here is based on a multi-isotope approach.
Within the last 30 years, the analysis of stable and radiogenic isotopes have demonstrated their added value as a forensic tool in the fight against fraud in the food industry. Several isotope analyses are now official or being regarded as standard methods in Europe and North America for testing the origin and authenticity of food products. These methods are based on the analysis of stable isotope compositions (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O, δ15N) and/or radiogenic isotope ratios (e.g. 87Sr/86Sr) of a final product or of one of its compounds, such as an ingredient or a specific molecule. The isotope characterisation, carried out using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS), provide information on the botanical and geographical origins of the initial materials, which are often considered important characteristics for many food products by either the consumer or by national and international regulations.
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The distinction between primary and secondary aerosol sources is what makes isotope tracing so valuable here. Gas-phase nitrous oxide converting to nitrate particulates in the atmosphere is exactly the kind of multi-step pathway that optical methods struggle to unravel, where stable isotopes give a clear signal.
The distinction between primary and secondary aerosols gets overlooked in a lot of public health reporting on air quality. Using isotope systems to trace whether particles are anthropogenic versus natural gives policymakers much more actionable data than bulk PM2.5 counts alone.
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The distinction between primary particles emitted directly and secondary aerosols formed after emission is especially useful for understanding why urban air pollution cannot be traced through concentration measurements alone. Stable isotopes, including the less commonly applied nitrogen systems, seem well suited to separating combustion-related PM2.5 from coarse particles associated with processes such as wind-blown dust. A visual resource like AI Age Filter could also support broader discussions about how long-term environmental exposure affects people across different stages of life.
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The point about isotope tools helping distinguish PM2.5 and PM10 sources in urban air is especially interesting, since management plans depend so much on knowing what’s actually contributing. For communicating that kind of particle-origin research visually, Kavel’s GPT Image 2 AI Image Generator GPT Image 2 AI Image Generator could be a useful resource for outreach graphics.
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Cette recherche étudie les sources et les processus qui régissent le budget des aérosols atmosphériques. Les isotopes stables constituent des traceurs pertinents pour différencier les particules naturelles ou anthropiques, minérales ou organiques, comme les PM2,5 et PM10. Ces résultats permettent d’améliorer les plans de gestion de la pollution et de protéger la santé publique. Générez des visuels scientifiques grâce à l’IA nano-video.io.
The distinction between fine PM2.5 from combustion and gas-to-particle conversion and coarser PM10 associated with processes such as wind-blown dust makes the value of isotope tracing especially clear. It is interesting how carefully chosen indicators can reveal origins that are otherwise difficult to separate. That broader idea of using structured indicators to identify patterns also came to mind when reading about ラブタイプ診断.
The distinction between fine PM2.5 from combustion and gas-to-particle conversion and coarse PM10 from mechanical processes shows why particle size matters when tracing urban pollution. Nitrogen isotopes seem especially promising for separating natural and anthropogenic sources, which could support more targeted air-quality policies. A tool such as AI Sentence Generator could also help researchers turn dense technical findings into clearer sentences for broader audiences.
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The use of isotope tools to distinguish the origins of PM in urban areas is especially compelling, since it could make air-quality interventions more targeted and effective. I’d be interested to see examples of how the research separates traffic, industrial, and natural particle sources.
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The use of isotope tools to distinguish the origins of PM in urban areas is especially compelling, given the implications for public health. I’d be interested to see how the students’ current research applies these methods to specific pollution sources.
The use of isotope tools to distinguish the origins of PM in urban areas is especially compelling, given the direct implications for public health. I’d be interested to see how the students’ current research is applying these methods to specific pollution sources.
The use of isotope tools to distinguish the origins of PM in urban areas is especially compelling, given the direct implications for public health. I’m also curious to see how the students’ research expands on these findings.
The use of isotope tools to distinguish the origins of PM2.5 and PM10 is especially interesting, since it could make urban air-quality plans much more targeted. For readers curious about how the origins of words are traced, Where Every Word Comes From offers a similarly source-focused perspective.
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This research really highlights how isotope tracing is revolutionizing our understanding of urban aerosol sources — especially with nitrogen isotopes showing promise for distinguishing natural vs. human-made particles. I’ll definitely check out the full team’s work: speech bubble.
The point about nitrogen isotopes being underused for tracing urban particle sources stands out, especially since preliminary results already suggest they could work. I’d be curious how the C, N, S, Sr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg systems compare in practice when you’re trying to separate local soil dust from distant anthropogenic emissions. The distinction between PM2.5 from combustion and coarse PM10 from mechanical processes makes the bimodal distribution feel like an obvious place to apply these tracers.
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Distinguishing where atmospheric particles originate from and how they are transformed seems essential to resolving debates about the aerosol budget. The emphasis on tracing sources is especially relevant in cities, where multiple emissions can overlap and the public-health consequences make accurate attribution more urgent. It would be useful to see how the student projects connect source identification with the processes that alter aerosols after emission, since separating origin from atmospheric transformation could sharpen both scientific interpretation and urban mitigation decisions.
The focus on tracing aerosol sources and atmospheric processes is especially important in cities, where exposure can turn an unresolved scientific question into a public-health concern. Distinguishing where particles originate and how they change in the atmosphere can make later monitoring and mitigation efforts more precise. The research direction also makes the group’s broader student work feel connected to a clear real-world problem rather than isolated measurements.
The focus on tracing both sources and processes is important, since aerosol questions are rarely answered by measuring concentrations alone. In urban settings, connecting particle origins to transformation processes can make the public-health relevance much clearer. It is also helpful that the research group points readers toward the students’ work, because ongoing projects often reveal how these broad questions become specific measurements, samples, and interpretations. That work can strengthen evidence for exposure discussions.
The focus on tracing aerosol sources and processes is important because identifying particles is not the same as understanding how they enter and change within the atmosphere. The urban public-health dimension makes that distinction especially consequential: source attribution can help frame which emissions or processes deserve closer attention. It would be useful for the research overview to show how individual student projects connect to the broader atmospheric budget question, perhaps by grouping them around measurement methods, source regions, or chemical transformation pathways. That structure could make the range of work easier to follow without oversimplifying it.
The focus on tracing aerosol sources and processes is a useful reminder that atmospheric measurements need careful interpretation, especially where urban exposure is involved. Isotopic approaches can help distinguish overlapping inputs that may look similar in bulk observations, while a clear sigma notation helps communicate uncertainty, variation, and aggregate results without obscuring the underlying assumptions. That connection between method and public-health relevance is worth emphasizing.
The focus on atmospheric particle origins makes the public-health dimension of aerosol research especially clear. In urban settings, separating the sources and processes behind aerosols can improve how researchers frame both exposure questions and mitigation priorities. Isotopic tracing is valuable here because it can add evidence about where material comes from, rather than treating atmospheric particles as a single undifferentiated category.
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The section on tracing aerosol sources with isotope systems is especially useful because it explains why concentration monitoring alone struggles to separate natural from anthropogenic particles. I also appreciated the practical detail on PM2.5 versus PM10 having different sources and lifetimes, and the honest note that hair isotope values can be affected by external factors like dust. Overall, the page gives a clear picture of how multi-isotope approaches are applied across air, water, and food provenance questions.
The group’s work on using C, N, S, Sr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg isotope systematics to distinguish natural from anthropogenic aerosol sources is a compelling argument for moving beyond concentration-only monitoring. I found the point that adding more sampling stations raises costs without resolving source contributions especially persuasive, since it frames isotopes as a practical management tool rather than just a research curiosity. The glyphosate and AMPA section also raises a genuinely unresolved question about whether AMPA necessarily indicates glyphosate use, which the page honestly leaves open.
The group’s use of a multi-isotope approach to distinguish natural versus anthropogenic aerosol sources is a compelling argument against relying only on concentration monitoring. I found the point that adding more sampling stations raises costs without resolving source attribution especially persuasive. The section on glyphosate and AMPA in Quebec waterways also stood out, since the origin of AMPA can be ambiguous. The hair-based Sr and Pb mobility work is intriguing, though the authors rightly note that external dust complicates interpretation.
The research page gives a clear picture of how isotope tools are used to separate natural from anthropogenic particle sources, and the distinction between PM2.5 combustion products and mechanically generated coarse PM10 is explained well. I found the discussion of bioindicators for cumulative pollution effects and the glyphosate/AMPA monitoring problem especially concrete. The wine terroir and human provenancing sections also show how versatile isotope ratios can be, though the hair results rightly note that external dust complicates interpretation.
The group’s work on tracing aerosol sources with isotopes is a useful reminder of how much concentration monitoring alone can miss, especially given the evidence that adding more stations and samples mainly raises costs. I was also struck by the honest note in the human provenancing section that hair values are affected by external factors such as dust, which tempers the promise of Sr and Pb ratios for tracking mobility. The glyphosate and AMPA discussion is a good example of why source apportionment matters, since AMPA can come from other phosphonates besides glyphosate.
The group’s isotope work on aerosols is striking, especially the point that concentration monitoring alone cannot distinguish pollution sources and that adding more sampling stations mainly adds cost. I also appreciated the honesty about the hair study: Sr and Pb ratios shifted after relocation, but external dust still complicates the signal. The glyphosate and AMPA section raises a useful caution, since AMPA can come from detergents as well as herbicide breakdown.
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The atmospheric-particle work highlights an important bridge between fundamental source attribution and decisions that affect urban health. Knowing that aerosol origins and processes remain debated makes it especially valuable to explain how isotope-based evidence narrows competing explanations, including the uncertainties that remain. Aerosols are not only a measurement challenge: clearer source identification can help readers see why local emissions, transport, and exposure need to be considered together when interpreting air-quality risks.
The research page gives a useful overview of how isotope tools can separate natural from anthropogenic aerosol sources, and the point that simply adding more monitoring stations does not resolve source attribution feels especially relevant. I also appreciated the honest framing of the hair study, where Sr and Pb ratios shifted with relocation but were still influenced by external factors such as dust. The wine terroir and Loire River metal projects show how broadly these methods can be applied, though the page understandably only sketches each project.
The part about distinguishing natural versus anthropogenic and mineral versus organic aerosol sources with isotope systems is a useful reminder of how much source apportionment still relies on assumptions. I also appreciated the honest note that higher monitoring density does not resolve source contributions and mainly adds cost. The glyphosate/AMPA section raises a fair point that AMPA can come from other phosphonates, so tracing its origin matters for water-quality monitoring.
The isotope-based tracing of PM2.5 and PM10 sources described here is compelling, especially the point that concentration monitoring alone cannot separate natural from anthropogenic contributions. I also appreciated the honesty about the 2012 France-to-Canada hair study, where Sr and Pb ratios shifted but dust and other external factors complicated the signal. The glyphosate/AMPA section raises a useful caution: AMPA is not a unique tracer because other phosphonates can degrade into it. Overall, a clear overview of how multi-isotope approaches add value across air, water, and food provenance questions.
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