This is only a subset of what we are doing, head on over to the Research Group page to see what the students are up to.
Tracing sources and processes affecting the atmospheric budget of aerosols
The origin of particles within the atmosphere has long been subject to debate. The problem is even more critical in urban areas, due to their potential harmful impact on public health. Recently, isotope tools have proved their great added value for unambiguously deciphering the origin of particles (both PM2.5 and PM10), which could lead to a better design of management plans reducing aerosol levels in the atmosphere. A review of several isotope systems shows that they may certainly help to distinguish between natural versus anthropogenic, or mineral versus organic origins of these particles.
Natural or anthropogenic, mineral or organic? These are some of the main questions to be solved regarding aerosols in urban atmospheres. Their presence and the health impacts have been well documented for a long time as there is evidence that particulate matter in the air (among which PM10, representing the particles with an aerodynamical diameter smaller than 10 µm) has a direct influence on mortality levels and numbers of hospital admissions with respiratory diseases. Aerosols vary in size up to ten microns in diameter and exhibit a wide range of chemical compositions. The origin of the particles may be either i) primary (direct emission into the atmosphere through processes of combustion or natural alteration) or ii) secondary (post-emission formation in the atmosphere, e.g. nitrate in aerosols which results mainly from the degradation and conversion of gaseous nitrous oxides).
The air in many big cities contains high concentrations of fine particles. The concentration of PM10 particles can be as high as 300 µg.m-3. Fine atmospheric particles have a damaging effect on public health and have recently become a cause of major concern (e.g., the ERPURS project for Paris; Dab, 1998). So far, little stable-isotope work has been conducted on atmospheric particles in urban environments and even fewer studies have used nitrogen isotopes, although preliminary results showed they could be a potential tracer of their origin(Widory & Fiani, 2008).
The particles having aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 10 µm often display a bimodal distribution with fine particles (diameters <2.5 µm) and coarse particles (diameters in the range 2.5-10 µm). These two size fractions generally have different sources (e.g. origins), properties (chemical and physical), spatial distributions and deposition processes. PM2.5 results primarily from combustion processes and gas-to-particle conversions, while particles in the coarse size fraction (PM10) may be linked to mechanical processes (e.g. wind-blown dust). The sources of particles can be subdivided into three groups: (a) sea salt aerosols, (b) terrestrial aerosols (soil dust, biological emissions), and (c) anthropogenic sources (industry, agriculture, burning of vegetation and fossil fuels, fertilizers). Therefore particles typically consist of a mixture of inorganic and organic chemicals, including carbon, sulfates, nitrates, metals, acids, and semi-volatile compounds. Terrestrial aerosols may originate from soil erosion close to the collector (local source), from distant areas within the continent (external source) or even from other continents (exogenic source). Likewise, aerosols derived from anthropogenic sources may originate in the vicinity of the collector (local source) or at large distances (distant source). Thus the relative abundance of particles is a function of the importance of the production processes and the distance from sources and coarser material should have a shorter lifetime. PM10 may remain airborne from periods of time ranging from a few hours to several weeks.
Our group, so far, focused on the following isotope systematics: C, N, S, Sr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg.
Bio-tracking sources of air pollution using a multi-isotope approach
Anticipating the future health of the global environment has now become a necessity. Due to its incidence on Human health, air pollution is a major source of concern, and is now a critical societal issue for most countries. The need to evaluate, monitor and understand the parameters controlling the quality of our atmosphere is quickly arising. Today, the management strategies for air quality are almost exclusively based on monitoring pollutants concentration levels in a selection of sites and samples through time. However, there are now ample evidences that this concentration approach does not allow to establish unambiguously the different pollutant sources and their respective contributions to the degradation of air quality. It is also observed that increasing the density of data points by increasing the number of environmental monitoring stations and/or the number of samples does not help much and generates extremely high additional costs. As a direct consequence of this it is often difficult to design and verify the effect of environmental management measures and plans implemented to control air pollution in a given area. The results of recent research show that the limitations of the concentration monitoring approach could be overcome by using an isotope approach. Although the application of a (multi)-isotope tracing approach to air pollution issues is fairly recent, it has already proven to be very effective at precisely discriminating the different vectors of pollution in different atmospheric settings (i.e. urban, agricultural or natural sources), identifying these sources and quantifying their respective contributions to a contaminated atmosphere.
The monitoring of air quality is traditionally conducted through direct measurements of physical parameters and chemical assays. The latter often face analytical challenges due to the typically low concentrations of pollutants in environmentally relevant conditions. Bioindicators are used to assess the cumulative impacts of chemical pollutants over time, and consequently represent an alternative fundamentally different from classic assessments of environmental quality, that offer numerous advantages.
Diffuse pollution
Glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the main active molecule of the most used worldwide herbicide for weed and vegetation control. Its importance recently exploded after the introduction of transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in 1996. In Québec only, over 1 million hectares of croplands are sprayed with glyphosate annually, while in Brazil, glyphosate consumption more than doubled over the past 10 years. Although glyphosate has been characterized as slightly mobile and rapidly biodegradable, a fraction of glyphosate and its by-products, especially the aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), invariably and ubiquitously ends up in waterways draining agricultural fields. Consequently, glyphosate and AMPA are often detected in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluent and in streams. Glyphosate exerts low acute toxicity to animals because its biochemical mode of action affects the shikimic acid pathway, which is essential to plant metabolism but does not exist in animals. However, various studies in the last decade have shown possible toxicological effects linked to its use. Because of these concerns, glyphosate, as well as AMPA were included in the Annex III of the European Union 2008/105/EC Directive as a “…substance subject to review for possible identification as priority substance or priority hazard substance”. On the other hand, the origin of AMPA is still actually under debate, as it can result from the degradation of molecules other than glyphosate. Phosphoric acids in detergents, ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP) or the diethylenetriamine-penta-methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP) can also be degraded into AMPA. It is therefore essential to incorporate efficient control of glyphosate (and AMPA) into the existing organic pollutant monitoring schemes of water supplies, especially when considering the universal and fast growing use of this compound around the world.
Today, the management of surface/groundwater quality with respect to diffuse contamination is almost exclusively based on monitoring micropollutant concentration levels in a selection of sites and samples through time. However, there is now ample evidence that this concentration approach does not allow to establish unambiguously the different sources and their respective contributions to water pollution. It was also observed that increasing the density of data points by increasing the number of environmental monitoring stations and/or the number of samples (i.e. reducing periodicity between samples) does not help much and generates extremely high additional costs. Consequently, it is often difficult to design and verify the effect of environmental management measures and plans implemented to control micropollutant contamination in a given area. Recent research works showed that the limitations of this concentration monitoring approach can be overcome, using an innovative isotope approach.
Metals in the Loire River (France)
Interpreting fluxes of dissolved elements, especially trace metals, transported by rivers requires a precise knowledge of their numerous potential sources, both natural or anthropogenic. Identifying and quantifying the impact of these sources at various scales helps understanding fluviatil systems and, in fine, helps improving watershed management.
In collaboration with Tours University and the AELB Water Agency, we aim at coupling elemental concentrations and isotope compositions/ratios of dissolved metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn) to characterise the geochemical background of the Loire River.
Human Provenancing
The isotope ratios of strontium (Sr) and lead (Pb) in water derive from local geology and their isotopic signature can be linked to the age and type of underlying bedrocks and soils (if applicable). Both elements are transferred to human blood through diet and water, and some of it will ultimately be incorporated into the hair structure, making Sr and Pb isotopes interesting tools for tracing human mobility. We analysed both the elemental concentration and isotope ratios of Sr and Pb from individuals of different ages to monitor their permanent relocation from France to Canada during the summer 2012. For comparison, we also characterised bulk hair samples of sedentary individuals and local tap waters from their regions of origin and of settlement. Our results indicate that the 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios are significantly modified by the change of environment, but also demonstrate that human hair values are impacted by other external factors (such as dust). Sr and Pb isotope systematics demonstrate their added value for detecting human mobility, but require further studies to better constrain the main sources and processes controlling their respective budgets in human hair for provenancing purposes.
Characterising wine terroir
With improved refining techniques and ever-growing popularity among hobbyists, wine has become the target of multiple frauds worldwide. In collaboration with the AVQ (Association des Vignerons du Québec) and within the frame of potential implementation of a controlled designation of origin for the Quebec terroir, this project aims at accurately characterizing the origin of local wines from Quebec. The methodology proposed here is based on a multi-isotope approach.
Within the last 30 years, the analysis of stable and radiogenic isotopes have demonstrated their added value as a forensic tool in the fight against fraud in the food industry. Several isotope analyses are now official or being regarded as standard methods in Europe and North America for testing the origin and authenticity of food products. These methods are based on the analysis of stable isotope compositions (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O, δ15N) and/or radiogenic isotope ratios (e.g. 87Sr/86Sr) of a final product or of one of its compounds, such as an ingredient or a specific molecule. The isotope characterisation, carried out using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS), provide information on the botanical and geographical origins of the initial materials, which are often considered important characteristics for many food products by either the consumer or by national and international regulations.
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